The Causes of Schizophrenia Essay - 3196 Words

Schizophrenia is undoubtedly one of the most common psychological disorders which according to epidemiology, affects at least 1 in 100 individuals (Kolb Whishaw, 2011), equating to 24 million people worldwide (World Health Organisation, 2012). Research has demonstrated that symptoms of the illness usually become apparent in late adolescence or early adulthood (Bear, Connors, Paradiso, 2007), with males typically experiencing an earlier onset in comparison to their female counterparts (Kalat, 2012). Psychological disorders as such have detrimental consequences for their sufferers, in which an individual uncontrollably loses contact with reality, accompanied by the experience of irrational ideas and the presence of distorted†¦show more content†¦Evidence provided will consist of research in which support for the claim has been obtained, followed by contradictory claims which subsequently suggest alternatives. The term ‘schizophrenia’, which was originally known as ‘dementia praecox’ (Latin for ‘premature mental deterioration’), was coined in 1911 by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler (Kalat, 2012). Bleuler used the term as a means of representing a major psychotic illness which he described as the â€Å"splitting of the different psychic functions† within an individual (Bleuler, 1950; as cited in Toates, 2007, p. 540). It is important to highlight momentarily that although the term schizophrenia is Greek for ‘spilt mind’, it is in fact unrelated to dissociative identity disorder (Kalat, 2012). In an attempt to clarify this, Blueler proposed that schizophrenia means â€Å"divided mind† in that many sufferers oscillate between normal and abnormal states, typically experiencing a ‘split’ between emotion and intellect (Bear et al., 2007, p. 679). With only an evasive definition of schizophrenia obtainable, clinicians and researchers have found it easier to identify and classify schizophrenic behaviour, as opposed to providing a definitive definition (Kolb Whishaw, 2011). Core symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, and disorganised speechShow MoreRelatedCauses Of Schizophrenia1426 Words   |  6 Pagesthat there are absolutely genetic causes for schizophrenia. Monozygotic twins share roughly 100% of their genes and dizygotic twins share roughly half of their genes. Findings in twin studies show that monozygotic twins will both experience schizophrenia 46%-53% of the time when one is diagnosed. Among dizygotic twins, 14%-15% will both be diagnosed with schizophrenia. These findings show that there is a clear genetic relevance to the diagnosis of schizophrenia. While the rates among twins are highRead MoreSchizophrenia - Causes and Symptoms828 Words   |  3 PagesSchizophrenia – Causes and Sympt oms Schizophrenia, from a Greek origin meaning, â€Å"splitting of the mind,† is a chronic psychiatric disorder that makes it difficult to distinguish between what is real and what is deceptive. This illness alters a person’s ability to think or act, identify reality, portray emotions, and relate to others. Attitudes and behaviors that coincide with this infirmity are contradictory, and the persons who obtain this sickness must learn to live with the conflicting lifestyleRead MoreThe Causes And Cures Of Schizophrenia938 Words   |  4 Pages The causes, cures and intellectual comprehension in schizophrenia patients remains unknown. Scientists have discovered that schizophrenia is a severe condition that develops by a combination of biological, environmental, and unforeseen factors. Since this condition effects no more than two percent of the population, it is challenging to find an adequate sample size for assessments and further study. People suffering from schizophrenia are incapable of determining reality and show a wide array ofRead MoreSymptoms, Causes, And Treatments Of Schizophrenia1702 Words   |  7 PagesSymptoms, Causes, and Treatments of Schizophrenia Cassidy Echalico Florida State College at Jacksonville Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a stigmatized disease that labels victims as crazy. One percent of people develop schizophrenia in their lifetime; more than two million Americans suffer from schizophrenia in a given year (Spearing, 1999). Although schizophrenia affects men and women equally, it often appears earlier in men than in women; Men are generally affectedRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Symptoms, Causes, Treatments954 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Schizophrenia is a turbulent mental illness that many people throughout America are suffering from. The word schizophrenia comes from th One percent of America’s population is diagnosed with Schizophrenia each year. This mental disorder is more common in late teenagers and young adults ranging from the ages of 20 to 30. It is proven that this illness occurs in more young men than women. People who suffer from schizophrenia usually cannot have normal lives due to the disabling symptomsRead MoreThe Major Types and Possible Causes of Schizophrenia1082 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia is a severe, debilitating disabling disease. There are more than two million Americans who suffer with schizophrenia in any given year. Some of the symptoms of schizophrenia are hallucinations, delusions, apathy, lack of emotion, disorganized thoughts, difficulty concentrating or following instructions and memory problems. There are no lab tests to diagnose schizophrenia and most times the pati ent is misdiagnosed with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder or major depression (Daily schizophreniaRead More Biological Dysfunction as a Cause for Schizophrenia Essay2153 Words   |  9 PagesBiological Dysfunction as a Cause for Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental disorder, which is characterised by a number of both positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms are behaviours which are present although should be absent. Examples of these are thought disorders resulting in difficulty in arranging thoughts logically, jumping from one topic of conversation to another and speaking random words. Other positive symptoms of schizophrenia include delusionsRead MoreEssay Biological, Social and Psychological Causes of Schizophrenia558 Words   |  3 PagesBiological, Social and Psychological Causes of Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a very serious, long-term disorder that affects about 1% of the world’s population. It affects people anywhere from twenty years old, to forty-five years old. It is known to be one of the most disabling diseases in this age group. Schizophrenia can break down a person’s behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. People who suffer from schizophrenia usually show very inappropriate displays of their actions and feelings. SufferersRead MoreSchizophrenia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment Essay1851 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness. Patients experience progressive personality changes and a breakdown in their relationships with the outside world. They have disorganized and abnormal thinking, behavior and language and become emotionally unresponsive or withdrawn. â€Å"The first signs, usually only noticed in looking back on events, are likely to include an unexpected withdrawal of the degree or type of contact that the person used to have with family or school. The personRead MoreSchizophrenia Stigmas, Causes and Brain Activity Differences Essay1967 Words   |  8 PagesSchizophrenia Stigmas, Causes and Brain Activity Differences Contrary to popular belief, Schizophrenia is not a mental health disorder but a psychotic based disorder, in which those affected often experience psychosis. Those experiencing psychosis are known to lose touch with reality; this loss often results in delusions and/or hallucinations. This leads one to ask: what are the social stigmas, plausible causes and brain activity differences related to schizophrenia? Background Schizophrenia is

Slave Women in Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a...

Slave Women in Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Toni Morrisons Beloved Slavery was a horrible institution that dehumanized a race of people. Female slave bondage was different from that of men. It wasnt less severe, but it was different. The sexual abuse, child bearing, and child care responsibilities affected the femaless pattern of resistance and how they conducted their lives. Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, demonstrates the different role that women slaves had and the struggles that were caused from having to cope with sexual abuse. Growing up as a slave Jacobs was constantly exposed to sexual abuse from her master. She was forced to learn what it meant to be a slave that was†¦show more content†¦When she wanted to escape into freedom, her bonds to her children were so great that it was hard for her to leave them. Jacobs couldnt stand the suppression and constant abuse of her master. She couldnt leave her children. Her grandmother told her, Stand by your children, and suffer with them till death. Nobody respects a mother who forsakes her children: and if you leave them, you will never have a happy moment.(Jacobs, 417) The slave womens choices in life were not limited to her happiness, but she had to think about her children. A mother had different responsibilities that she had to deal with. By having to deal with sexual abuse and thinking about children women were less able to leave their chains and people behind. According to Deborah Gray White in Arent I a Women?,...for those fugitive women who left children in slavery, the physical relief which freedom brought was limited compensation for the anguish they suffered.(White.62) Recent DNA test results that have concluded that the Nations third president, Thomas Jefferson fathered at least one child, Eston Hemings, with his slave, Sally Hemings. The study has shed new light on the aged debate, forcing society and historians to recognize what had previously been ignored. Although America is obsessed with race, our society does not recognize the central role slavery has played in the nations development. The continued and persistent effort to separat eShow MoreRelatedSlave Narratives: Beloved by Toni Morrison1644 Words   |  7 Pageswith slave narratives because of the story that it tells and the interesting topics that can be seen within. These are stories that we can’t specifically relate to or come close to understanding simply because we have not experienced these hardships, and weren’t even born to witness it. Slave narratives are memoirs that were written while slavery was still legalized, for example Harriet Jacob’s â€Å"Incidents in the life of a Slave Girl†. However, Toni Morrison’s â€Å"Beloved† is considered a neo-slave narrativeRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison1455 Words   |  6 Pagessuffered horrifically. Not many slaves knew their mothers because they were torn from their homes. Many slave women were robbed of their innocence by their masters. Behind the face of every slave, there is always a very traumatic unforgettable story which is not something to pass on, but a lesson to remember from repeating same mistake again. Only a handful of slaves learned to read and write, and from their stories we can read the horrors they went through. Slave narratives brings these hardshipsRead MoreHow Slavery Can Affect The Mother s Mind And Threaten Motherhood3396 Words   |  14 Pagessee what slaves really went through during the Antebellum Era, people mostly find it shown from African-American men with their experiences with slavery. For example, Solomon Northup in 12 Years a Slave, Jim in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Django in Django Unchained, Kunta Kinte in Roots: The Saga of an American Family, and the story of Nat Turner in his courageous Slave Rebellion. These men slaves are known among the media and literature for generations, but what about the women ï ¬ gures inRead More Three Women Writers: A Study in Virtue and Christianity of the 18th and 19th centuries2420 Words   |  10 PagesThree Women Writers: A Study in Virtue and Christiani ty of the 18th and 19th centuries The popularity of Toni Morrisons Beloved has recently awakened a mainstream interest in African-American literature. Writers, such as Maya Angelou and Langston Hughes, have also facilitated the infiltration of African American voices into popular culture. This website is devoted to three women who, like Morrison and Angelou, have aided in the formation and development of the African American literary traditionRead MoreThe Role of Mother for Slave Women in Harriet Jacobs ´ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Harriet Beecher Stowe ´s Uncle Tom ´s Cabin3385 Words   |  14 Pagesclearly defines a stage in womans life that should be a pleasant and happy experience, but thats not the case for everybody. The dehumanizing acts of slavery are eminent in many novels, such as Incidents in the Life of Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs and Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. In these novels, slave women were not suppose to enjoy the role of mother. It was either physically taken away or their mother instincts were brutally effected. Slave mothers had to face many consequences

The Doctrine Of Separate Legal Entity A Case Of Salomon Vs Salomon Co Ltd Free Essays

string(70) " legislatures and courts have followed the separate entity principle\." Abstract The doctrine of separate legal entity is a doctrine which has gained increasing importance in the analysis of company law. The importance of this doctrine and its relevance in the analysis of laws relating to companies is evident in the case of Salomon v A Salomon and Co Ltd [1897] AC22, the leading case which gave effect to the separate entity principle (Macintyre 2012). This case has formed the basis of company law and corporate theory. We will write a custom essay sample on The Doctrine Of Separate Legal Entity: A Case Of Salomon Vs Salomon Co Ltd or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not only is this case often quoted in textbooks and journal articles, but also, its principles have found their way to English courtrooms and law firms (Karasz 2012) Aligning with the above, this paper explains the following statement made by Lord Halsbury in Salomon’s case â€Å"Either the limited company was a legal entity or it was not. If it was, the business belonged to it and not to Mr. C Salomon. If it was not, there was no person and nothing to be an agent at all; and it is impossible to say at the same time that there is a company and there is not† (Roach 2012). Attempts will be made in this paper to analyze courts’ approach to the separate entity principle. Criticism against the decision made by the House of Lords in salomon’s case will also be examined. Statutory and judicial exceptions to Salomon shall also be explored on. Introduction Corporate theory has certain principles which practitioners and academics have struggled to define. Some of these principles seem somehow unsuitable for strict and permanent delineations given that their construction often change with time (Karasz 2012). The case of Salomon V. Salomon and Co. Ltd which has formed the basis of company law globally is one such example. Not only is this case often quoted in textbooks and journal articles, but also, its principles have found their way to English courtrooms and law firms (Karasz, 2012). The doctrine of ‘separate legal personality’ laid down in Salomon’s case has received increased recognition and is often cited in court today. In this paper we explore on the following statement made by Lord Halsbury L.C. in Salomon’s case and analyze the courts’ approach to the separate entity principle. â€Å"Either the limited company was a legal entity or it was not. If it was, the business belonged to it and not to Mr. C Salomon. If it was not, there was no person and nothing to be an agent at all; and it is impossible to say at the same time that there is a company and there is not† (Roach 2012). We will also try to find the basis under which courts may decide to disregard the separate personality of a company. A delve on this topic will not be complete without exploring on Salomon’s case. Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd The case of Salomon v Salomon revolves around Mr. Salomon, a businessman who incorporated his business; and given the requirements put forth in the Companies Act 1862 which require the presence of at least seven shareholders, he made his family members as business partners issuing one share to each of them (Keenan Riches 2009). The business was bought at ?39,000. Mr. Salomon held some 20,000 shares and since ?10,000 was not paid for, he was paid the remaining amount by debentures and granted a floating charge on the company’s assets as part payment (Keenan Riches 2009). Soon after the business had been incorporated, the shoe industry witnessed a series of strike which led to the government’s decision to split contracts with several other firms with the aim of diversifying and reducing the risk of its few suppliers, given the ongoing strikes (Keenan Riches 2009). Since the company was in need of more funds, they sought ?5,000 from Broderip. Salomon’s debenture was then assigned to Broderip and secured by a floating charge (Keenan Riches 2009). In the end, however, the business failed and Broderip sued to enforce his security. Given that, at the time, the company was indebted to unsecured creditors; an action against the appellant was brought by the company’s liquidator and the case tried before Vaughan Williams, J. of the high court (Keenan Riches 2009). Vaughan Williams J declared Broderip’s claim to be valid arguing that the signatories were just but mere dummies and that Mr. Salomon was acting as an agent of the company (Keenan Riches 2009). Thus the company was entitled to indemnity from the principal who in this case was Mr. Salomon (Keenan Riches 2009). The ruling made by the Court of Appeal further confirmed the earlier decision made by Vaughan William. The Court of Appeal ruled that Broderip’s claim was valid on grounds that the Appellant had abused the privileges of incorporation (Macintyre 2012). According to the Court of Appeal, the incorporation of the company was improper as the Act only contemplated the incorporation of independent bona fide shareholders with the will and minds of their own and not mere puppets (Macintyre 2012) This decision was, however, unanimously overturned by the House of Lords and the arguments of fraud and agency rejected (Macintyre 2012). They held that the Act had to be the sole guide for determining whether a company had been validly constituted. According to the Companies Act 1862, just a share was enough for one to be named as a member. It was therefore not in order to label shareholders as dummies or mere puppets since the company had been duly constituted by law and thus had a separate legal entity (Macintyre 2012). The House of Lords remarked that it was improper for the judges to read into the statute limitations based on their personal opinion (Macintyre 2012). The House further noted that while the company remained precisely the same even after being incorporated with the same hands receiving profits; by law, the company was not an agent nor a trustee of the subscribers and the subscribers were also not liable for any of the company’s liabilities (Macintyre 2012). Since then, legislatures and courts have followed the separate entity principle. You read "The Doctrine Of Separate Legal Entity: A Case Of Salomon Vs Salomon Co Ltd" in category "Essay examples" This principle which is enshrined in article 16 of the Companies Act 1997 have since been followed in company proceedings in court. Salomon’s case has become a landmark company case law in the UK and is often cited in most cases within the area of company law. The principle established in Salomon vs. Salomon Co Ltd has stood the test of time, given that this doctrine has formed the basis of company law (Puig 2000). As noted in Salomon’s case, a company is at law a legal entity separate from its members and can neither be an agent nor a trustee of the subscribers. The decision made by the House of Lords in Salomon’s case confirms Gooley’s observations that the doctrine of separate legal personality was a ‘double-edged sword’ (Puig 2000). While this decision was good as it promoted capitalism, the decision also extended the benefits of incorporation to private businesses thereby providing for fraud and evasion of legal obligations (Puig 2000). This criticism will be examined in detail in the next section. Criticism against Salomon’s case Despite having been cited in court, Salomon’s case has met considerable criticism. Much of the criticism has been based on the fact that corporate veil may at times lead to injustice. For example, in the article 7 Modern Law Review 54, Kahn-Freund described the decision made in Salomon’s case as â€Å"calamitous†. Kahn-Freund further called for the abolition of private companies. Criticism is also mounted against Salomon’s case on the basis that priority is given to the separate identity principle over the economic reality of a one-person company. In the article, The Law Quarterly Review, Goulding explains that criticism laid against Salomon’s case is two-fold. First, the unanimous ruling made by the House of Lords in this case gives incorporators the benefit of limited liability even in situations where it may be deemed unnecessary. Second, this decision affords unscrupulous promoters opportunities to abuse the privileges provided for under the Corporations Act. Piercing of the corporate veil Despite the seemingly categorical statement made by Lord Halsbury in Salomon’s case, a few years later, the English court held that in certain situations it was permissible to disregard this principle and to ‘pierce the corporate veil’ (Mugambwa 2007). In this context, ‘piercing of corporate veil’ describes situations wherein the separate entity principle may be deemed unfair and the courts may make decisions contrary to this principle on various grounds. The court often does this so as to reach the person behind the veil and to reveal the true nature of the company (Mugambwa 2007) It has however become a hard task for academics and practitioners to find a basis in which courts may lift the veil. This is an area which is said to be ill-defined, inconsistent and quite unpredictable. In Briggs v James Hardie Co Pty Ltd, Rogers AJA point out to the lack of a common and unifying principle underlying the court’s decision to lift or ignore the corporate veil (Macintyre 2012). In determining when to disregard the separate entity principle, commentators have often divided their instances into several distinct categories and often there is no consensus as to the number or type of categories, with some similar cases being placed in different categories. The ultimate policy for lifting the veil also remains elusive with some arguing that it depends on ‘policy’ while others arguing that it depends on ‘justice’ (Mugambwa 2007). Attempts have been made by commentators to categorize cases with the view of predicting the outcome of future cases but this has proved difficult largely due to the fact that this is an area where case facts have significant influence on the outcome. It has also proved difficult to rationalize and categorize cases since this is an area in which the personal views of judges have a bearing on what justifies lifting the corporate veil (Karasz 2012). Statutory and judicial exceptions Despite being enshrined in the Companies Act 1997, significant exceptions have been made to the separate entity principle (Macintyre 2012). In other words, there are certain situations in which the courts can legitimately disregard the separate legal entity principle. According to Bourne (2001), there are two main exceptions to the separate entity principle. These are statutory and judicial exceptions. In this context, statutory exceptions include provisions that penalize office holders by imposing personal liability. Several statutory provisions have introduced exceptions to the separate legal entity principle. One such statute is the Insolvency Act 1986 which involves fraudulent or rather wrongful trading (Roach 2012). In pursuant to the ‘fraudulent trading’ provision, if it appears that fraud has been used in carrying out business transactions, the court may on application of the liquidator declare any of the parties to the business liable for making contributions as may be deemed necessary by the court (Roach 2012). Judicial exceptions, on the other hand, are concerned with the company’s separate legal personality. These exceptions have, however, proven hard to define. Justification for making such exceptions also differs greatly. Sealy Worthington (2010) gave an example wherein court may make such exceptions. They argued that members can be declared by court liable where their acts constitute them as ‘principals’ and the company acting as merely an agent. This example, however, does not encompass all the judicial exceptions. One major group to this type of exception relates to fraud. In this respect, Linklater (2006) identifies three cases where fraud had significant influence on the court’s decision to lift the corporate veil: Kensington International Ltd v Congo, R v K and Trustor v Smallbone. A common feature in all these cases is that they would all have passed Salomon’s test that – ‘either the limited company was legal entity or it was not’ (Linklater 2006). There is, however, one element in all these cases which set them apart from Salomon: the fact that all the three cases were being used for fraud and to disguise the true state of affairs rather than being used for legitimate trading (Linklater 2006). Another group encompassing judicial exceptions relates to a group structure, wherein both the parent and subsidiary company are viewed as one. This can be seen in the case of Adams v Cape Industries Plc. The court of Appeal ruled that the subsidiary company acted as an agent to the parent company and thus had to be indemnified by the parent company. Another practical example wherein courts can disregard the doctrine of separate entity can be seen with certain court cases. In UK, courts may disregard Salamon’s precedent especially when public funds are at stake. In such cases, courts may decide to impose financial liability on the shareholders and directors of the company. While these exceptions have been viewed by many as undermining the doctrine of separate legal personality embodied in Salomon’s case, it should be noted that these exceptions serve to further define the doctrine by narrowing its scope and stipulating additional guidelines. Conclusion There is no doubt that the decision in Salomon’s case established the separate legal personality of a company, allowing shareholders to carry on trading with minimal exposure to the risk of personal insolvency in the event of a collapse. There are, however, exceptions to this principle wherein the court may justifiably disregard and make rulings contrary to this principle. It remains, however, a daunting task for academics and practitioners to find a basis in which the courts may be justified to lift the corporate veil. This is largely due to the fact that this is an area where case facts and personal views of judges have a bearing on the outcome. Nonetheless, the principle in Salomon case is widely recognized and followed in courts. This principle which is enshrined in article 16 of the Companies Act 1997 have since been followed in company proceedings in court. Salomon’s case has become a landmark company case law in the UK and is often cited in most cases within the area of company law Reference Bourne, N., 2001. Bourne on Company Law. 5th edition, Oxon, Routledge Gooley, J., 1995. Corporations and associations law: principles and issues. 3rd edition. Sydney: Butterworths Kahn-Freund, O., 1944. Some reflections on Company Law Reform. 7 Modern Law Review, page 54-66 Karasz, A., 2012, Corporate world today: courts respond to limited liability and board’s decision making – a fight for a justice or rather prosperity at stake Keenan, D. and S. Riches, 2009. Business law, 9th edition. Harlow, Pearson Longman. Linklater, L., 2006. ‘†Piercing the corporate veil† – the never ending story?’ Comp. Law 27 (3), 65-66 Macintyre, E., 2012. Business law. 6th edition. Harlow: Pearson Longman. Mugambwa, J.T., 2007. Commercial and business organizations law in Papua New Guinea. Routledge-Cavendish Puig, G.V., 2000. A two-edged sword: Salomon and the separate legal entity doctrine. Corporation law. Vol.7 (3) Roach, L., 2012. Card James’ Business Law for business, accounting and finance students. 2nd edition. OUP Oxford. Sealy, L. and S. Worthington, 2010. Sealy’s Cases and Materials in Company Law. 9th edn, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Stephen, J., 2008. Business organisations and the veil of incorporation. In: Q A: Company Law. Oxford university press. How to cite The Doctrine Of Separate Legal Entity: A Case Of Salomon Vs Salomon Co Ltd, Essay examples

Spending And Preparedness Financial Sector -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Spending And Preparedness Financial Sector? Answer: Introducation Before implementing a BYOD policy, Aztek must carefully scrutinize both the business and security implications of the project. This policyis regulated by various legislative measures and controls described in the Freedom of Information Act 1982, Archives Act 1983, and also the Privacy Act 1988. These regulations govern the BYOD implementation criteria in an organizationand the relevant legal control measure to oversee the policy. These legislative regulations were necessary due to the liability risks marketing from adopting a BYOD policy in an organization. To ensure thesuccess of the BYOD project, the ICT management team of Aztek must develop a BYOD strategy, determine the implications of the project on any potentially existing BYOD, identify related legislation and regulations, communicate the organizations BYOD policies, and the relevant financial and technical support measures. Develop a BYOD strategy In order to successfully implement a BYOD strategy that compliments the business structure of Aztek, it is crucial to carefully formulatea strategy that is tailored to the needs and activities of Aztek. A strategy is importantso as to clearly analyze the risks involved and the appropriate measures (Ghosh, Gajar Rai, 2013). The absence of a strategy might create a situation whereby BYOD policies are employee driven. To developing a BYOD strategy for Aztek, the ICT team under the guidance of the management will conduct a pilot trial of a few employees in a low-risk section of Aztek. A review of the pilot trial using clearly defined success measures will provide Aztek management with an overview ofthe projects security implications, its cost-benefit relevance, and the impact on Azteks business activities. Existing BYOD framework In today's technological culture, it is likely that there exists an authorized or unauthorized BYOD framework in any organization. Aztek must first determine the possible BYOD existingprior to the implementation of the strategy. This information can be obtained from Azteks employees and other relevant stakeholders. A review of the organizations assigned devices can also help in mapping out the existing framework and implement the new strategy in a complementary manner. Legislations and Regulations According to the Information Security Manual (ISM) by the Australian government, it is important for any organization to seek legal advice before allowing employees to access the organizations systems using their personal devices so as to carefully understand the legal issues and liabilities imposed by a BYOD strategy. Communicating the Organizations Policy Aztek must carefully determine how to implement the policy in a manner that will facilitate employees compliance and support. Among the most effective ways ensure user compliance is by involving all relevant stakeholders in developing and implementing the BYOD policies (Lebek, Degirmenci Breitner, 2013). This will ensurea policy that is complementaryto the business and workforce structure of Aztek, employee motivation, and that the needs of all affected parties are met. The management of Aztek can alternatively offer BYOD as an optional strategy rather than mandatory.In order to ensure full awareness, the policy must be communicated to all departments, employees, and stakeholders. The policy must clearly highlight the authorized devices, the organizational data that they are permitted to access, authorized applications and software, storage and distribution regulations, non-compliance repercussions, and the controls that the managementis obligated to enforced to ensure the success o f the BYOD strategy. To ensure the compliance of all employees and to prevent legal liabilities, the employees of Aztek will be required to sign an Acceptable Use Policy that stipulates their authorized behavior and consequent repercussions of any violationsof the policy. Technical Support In developing a BYOD strategy, it is necessary for Aztek to determine the technical support implications of the strategy. A BYOB strategy would result in awide variety of personal devices with different operating systems, manufacturers, configuration settings, and electrical layouts. It would, therefore, be ineffective to assign Azteks IT support desk with the responsibility of managing the devices. Possible solutions for Aztek include issuing a list of approved devices or providing basic technical training to the employees. Financial Support The main aim organizational goal of Aztek is to ensure shareholders wealth maximization and making profits. It is therefore important to consider the financial implications of a BYOD strategy before its implementation (Seigneur et al., 2013).This includes concerns about expenses from internet and connectivity while at Aztek or outside the office, personal devices provided by Aztek, and the relevance of these expenses in helping accomplish Azteks organizational goal.All this will be dependent on Azteks budget, financial resources, and necessity of the BYOD strategy to the organization. Impact of the BYOD Project on Security In todays modern environment, it is challenging for any organization to adapt. This challenge is especially crucial to financial service organizations such as Aztek. Financial service institutions face high data security risk and management obligations. The situation is worsened by the increased level of competition among financial service organizations (Gustav Kabanda, 2016). These institutions manage the sensitive financial information of their many clients. Implementing a BYOD strategy, therefore, imposes a huge risk on Aztek and other financial service institutions. The security of the customers sensitive financial information is put at risk of loss or even malicious manipulation when employees are authorized toaccess to this information from their personal devices. The management of financial institutions is often faced with a dilemma of improving the customers security and meeting the auditors requirements on the one hand and increasing organizational efficiency and customer r elationson the other hand (Vijayan, Hardy, 2015). To mitigate the security risks as a result of a BYOD strategy, Aztek can specifically assign authorized devices to a regulated number of reliableemployees. By controlling the specific business and employees, Aztek can ensure security and efficiency of its financial services. With the continuously growing number of mobile devices, it is important for financial institutions to implement BYOD policies that are complementary to the organizations. This is particularly crucial for financial institutions in the modern age. A survey by IDC revealed that a huge number of financial institutionsare exposed to risk related to employees personal devices (Burt, 2014). The institutions do not have relevant strategies and policies to govern the use of mobile devices, applications, and mobile security concerns for their employees. In order to address the security concern, Aztek must first evaluate the impact of a BYOD strategy on the organizational goal of wealth maximization. The organization should then formulate efficient methods to govern employees personal device use, authorized data and content, applications compliance, privacy, and general security. In addition to enforcing these policies, Aztek may consider seeking the professional servicesof solution providers such as ATT and the likes. These solution providers are specialized in providing BYOD solution, formulation of policies, risk assessment, and control measures to assist in the management of the policies. It is important to realize that technological evolution is inevitable(Guan, 2012). Aztek should, therefore, strive to leverage the advances in technology to its own benefit.This can be achieved by carefully planning a BYOD strategy under the current of future advances in devices, mobile networking, and application management. The need for the management team to implement a robust BYOD strategy is further emphasized by the financial data risks faced by Aztek. Although BYOD presents many opportunities and benefits to an Aztek, it also exposes the organization to various security threats and risk as outlined above. Studies have shown that most breaches on the securityframework of organizations are adirect result of using personal devices to access the organizations sensitive data(Keyes, 2013). Therefore, Aztek must enforce appropriate measures to maintain integrity and confidentiality,ensure compliance by the employees, manage the security risk, and preserve the availability of sensitive data in a secure manner. Some information when placedin the wrong hands may cause substantial damage to the organizations, clients image, operational complications, and even financial loss. Risk Assessment Aztek faces various vulnerabilities, threats, and consequences of a BYOD strategy. This report will analyze the risks based on the devices selected for the BYOD strategy, potential malicious programs or applications, insecure user engagement, unauthorized access, sensitive data exposure, loss of BYOD devices, and the loss of informational integrity. Devices selected The first thing for Aztek to consider in the risk assessment are the personal devices that the organization will authorize to access Azteks sensitive information (Suby, 2013). This assessment will include the device manufacturers, operating system platforms, and security features in the respective devices. Azteks assessment team must also determine the security threats imposed by each of these devices. Information on the merits and demerits of all authorized devices should be availed to the employees along with strategies to cope with any security issues that may arise as a result of the devices (Watkins, 2014). Malicious Programs There are a wide variety of malicious applications designed to steal, modify, or sniff sensitive information. As users interact with their devices, they often tend to customize the devices or access the internet for work-related and personal use. This exposes their devices to an attack by malicious programs that may access the sensitive operations information in those devices (Chin et al., 2011). A risk assessment is, therefore, necessary to determine possible infection avenues and ways of tackling the risk. Aztek may consider limiting application downloads to only trusted and authorized markets, ensure installation of malware prevention programs, and sensitive the users on the security threats, mitigation procedures and ways to avoid infection (Felt et al., 2011). User Engagement Risk arises based on the operational behavior of employees as they interact with their personaldevices (Mansfield-Devine, 2012). Insecure behavior may expose the devices to malware attacks or inadvertent leakage of sensitive information (Ballagas et al., 2004). Aztek is especially vulnerable due to the sensitivity of the financial services it offers. This risk assessment aims to determine the employees level of competency in handling sensitive organizational data from their personal devices. Unauthorized Access BYOD poses a major threat to Azteks information as a result of unauthorized access. Unlike organizational devices which are safely protected and managed by Azteks security team, the security of personal devices, especially outside the office, is solelyto the user (Keyes, 2013). This poses the risk that an unauthorized third party may obtain access to the devices and Azteks sensitive data. Employees must be sensitized on security measure to prevent unauthorized access. Sensitive Data Exposure Under a BYOD strategy, employees can access and distributeAzteks information from multi-points and in different locations. This exposes the information of this financial institution to manipulation and unauthorized use. The variety of devices also complicates the process of controlling data access and applying security measure to monitor the access, use, and distribution of Azteks sensitive information. Loss of Devices It is easy for employees to lose devices containing sensitive information. The devices might contain financial information, private documents,sensitive emails among others. Such information when used maliciously may damage Aztek reputation and its clients. Sincea misplaced device exposes Aztek to various critical risks, appropriate measures to manage the vulnerability should be put in place. Aztek may introduce tools to manage all personal devices remotely (Oppliger, 2011). With these tools, the IT team should have the relevant access to remotely lock lost devices or even wipe them clean if the need arises. Informational Integrity A defining characteristic of any BYOD strategy is the seamless integration of work and personal environments (Song, 2014). As the users interact with their personal devices on both environments, they expose Aztek to the loss of data integrity. A user may alter crucial information by mistake while interacting with the devices for personal use. It is therefore important for Azteks management and ICT team to provide security measures to avoid accidental alteration of Azteks information. Data Flow and Security The final part of this report analyzes the data flow and security risk of implementing a BYOD strategy.BYOB poses a privacy concern to Aztek. While in the process of obtaining work-related information from a personal device, its likely that the organization may accidentallyobtainthe users personal information (Garba et al., 2015).The Australian government has set out rules and regulations governing how organizations can store their clients sensitive information such as bank account details, social security numbers, drivers license among others (Downer Bhattacharya, 2015). Aztek must, therefore, determine how these regulations affect their BYOD strategy. The organization must determine the legally authorized information that its employees can store on their personal devices. Employees must likewise be sensitized on the governing laws and prohibited by way of a written agreement from storing such information.There also exists laws that require financial institutions to securely destro y or encrypt sensitive information regarding their customers such as financial reports or medical records (Moyer, 2013). In conclusion, a Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) strategy bring various benefits and opportunities that will help Aztek achieve its organizational goal. The opportunity, however,presents the organization with various security and privacy risk. 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